The planet Vulcan is the homeworld of the Vulcan race and a founding member of the United Federation of Planets. It is about 8 hours away from Earth at high warp.

Vulcan government was not often spoken about in modern Star Trek, which is why in the Moon Trek mythology, the planet is governed by an autocratic 'High Command', similar to that of the Enterprise era.

Vulcan briefly seceded from the UFP (stardate 60997 to approximately 61237) as a result of a conspiracy fueled by the Vulcan Ministry of Intelligence and at least one member of the Federation Council. 

More canon information on the planet can be found via its Memory Alpha page.